Starbucks in Japan - 9274 Words

STARBUCK in JAPAN [pic] PLAN - Introduction + Video - Presentation de la Team + Nos objectives - Concept STARBUCKS - Timeline (general + Japon) - PESTEL - Hofstede –Monochronic –comparaison Jap/USA - How STARBUCKS enterred in Japan ? Strategy Joint Venture. - Export/ Supply Process (Map) - 5porter’s Forces - Brand Pyramid - SWOT - Competition + Mapping - Marketing MIX (Product/Price/ Promotion/ Place) - Recommendations - Conclusions - Introduction + Video o http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S16gbq-tZCI o http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8rp9OGLrrc - Concept STARBUCKS (flo) The†¦show more content†¦It had a positive account balance of $166.5 billion the same year. But, the Japanese economy was disrupted in March 2011 due to the earthquake and the effect of the tsunami. 2012 GDP growth is expected to be at 2.9% according to the OECD. - The GDP per capita in 2011 was at $34,000 (PPP, ranked 38th); - The unemployment rate was at 4.7% in 2011; - The inflation was at 0,3% in 2011; The GDP by sector is the following: - Agriculture : 1,5% - Industry: 22,8% - Services: 75,7% The main industries are motor vehicles, industrial and transportation equipment, electronics, chemicals, steel, machine tools, processed foods, non-ferrous metals In recent years, there is a deflationary spiral that tends to make wait consumers to have lower prices. Furthermore, Japan must cope with a huge public debt which account for 200% of the GDP in 2010. In 2010, Japan was ranked 15th of 183 countries in the Ease of Doing Business list (WorldBank). The economic organization is mainly characterized by: - Strong links between industry, contractors and distributors. Exchange rates and stability of the host country: The yen is the official currency of Japan and is denoted by JPY. It is the third most-traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the Euro and the US dollar. 3.Show MoreRelatedStarbucks in Japan1077 Words   |  5 PagesExecutive Summary Thirty years ago, Starbucks was a single store in Seattle’s Pike Place Market selling premium-roasted coffee. Today it is a global roaster and retailer of coffee with some 17,000 stores, 40% of which are in 50 countries outside the United States. In 1995, with 700 stores across the US, Starbucks began exploring foreign opportunities. The first target market was Japan. The potential for coffee sales in Japan is significant. The Japanese economy is the third to the United StatesRead MoreStarbucks in Japan1105 Words   |  5 Pages13716002514600Case Study – Starbucks in Japan 00Case Study – Starbucks in Japan 2775585164592000 Executive Summary Thirty years ago, Starbucks was a single store in Seattle’s Pike Place Market selling premium-roasted coffee. Today it is a global roaster and retailer of coffee with some 17,000 stores, 40% of which are in 50 countries outside the United States. In 1995, with 700 stores across the US, Starbucks began exploring foreign opportunities. The first target market was Japan. The potential for coffeeRead MoreStarbucks-Going Global Fast1353 Words   |  6 PagesCASE: Starbucks- Going Global Fast Summery Starbucks is one of the largest chains of coffee shops in the world. They started their business in the early 80s as a tiny chain of Seattle coffee shops, grew rapidly in the 90s and now own 5,689 coffee shops in 28 countries. This chain of coffee shops is very well managed by a well seasoned management team popularly known as H2O, because of Howard Schultz (Chairman and Chief Global Strategist), Howard Behar ( Head of North American Operations)Read MoreCase 1-1 Starbucks1026 Words   |  5 PagesCase Study 1-1 Starbucks 1) Identify the controllable and uncontrollable elements that Starbucks has encountered in entering global markets. As Starbucks enters the international market will have to deal with the experience the going pains and tensions of entering an unknown territory where the public atmosphere is going to be different. First, some of the controllable elements that Starbucks deals with are the 4p’s (Price, Place, Promotion, and Product). Starbucks ultimately has controlRead MoreStarbucks and Cultural Distance896 Words   |  4 Pagesexpansion of Starbucks. Maarten de Graaf, s1861263 Tom Breteler, s2022117 Group 12 13-10-2010 Introduction to International Business Ms. Wilhelm 1. What are the four dimensions of ‘distance’ in Starbuck’s international expansion? The four dimensions are culture, administrative, geographic and economic distance. 2. How did Starbucks reduce the ‘distance’ vis à   vis host countries? Starbucks used many tactics to reduce its distance from foreign markets. Firstly, Starbucks conducted extensiveRead MoreStarbucks s Marketing Strategy For Starbucks860 Words   |  4 PagesThis particular case starts off by telling the background of Starbucks as it is today. 30 years ago, Starbucks was a single store in Seattle s Pike Place Market selling premium roasted coffee. They decided to change their traditional customer experience in the 1980s. When the company s director of marketing, Howard Schultz, came back from Italy, he felt enchanted with the coffee house experience of Italy. Mr. Schultz wanted to duplicate this experience in his own coffee stores.   The new strategyRead MoreStarbucks, An American Multinational Corporation Global Vision1661 Words   |  7 Pagesabout the country by being familiar of the cultural differences, make specific modifications to their marketing mix (i.e. 4 P’s – product, price, promotion, place). This report will analyse th e case of Starbucks, an American multinational corporation global vision expanding into ventures in Japan and Australia, what were the positive and negative implications of entering these markets and what potential solutions they can implement in order to achieve a competitive edge. Most companies that pursueRead MoreStarbucks Case Study1640 Words   |  7 Pages#1) Identify the controllable and uncontrollable elements that Starbucks has encountered in entering global markets: The controllable factors that Starbucks has encountered entering the global market are similar to those in their domestic market. These factors include product, price, place and promotion. The Starbuck s name and image connect with millions of consumers around the globe. Internally, Starbuck s is able to make adjustments to fit a county s cultural tastes and expectations regardingRead MoreEssay on Starbucks Case - Going Global Fast1029 Words   |  5 PagesQuestion 1: Identify the controllable and uncontrollable elements that Starbucks has encountered in entering the global market. The case discusses multiple international markets that Starbucks had entered. Japan, France, Italy, Austria, and the Middle East were mentioned. Starting with the Japanese market, the elements that faced Starbucks there were uncontrollable. The first element was the fierce competition in the Japanese market that already existed, and the fact that Japan’s economy hadRead MoreStarbucks and Cultural Distance885 Words   |  4 Pagesinternational expansion of Starbucks. Maarten de Graaf, s1861263 Tom Breteler, s2022117 Group 12 13-10-2010 Introduction to International Business Ms. Wilhelm 1. What are the four dimensions of ‘distance’ in Starbuck’s international expansion? The four dimensions are culture, administrative, geographic and economic distance. 2. How did Starbucks reduce the ‘distance’ vis à   vis host countries? Starbucks used many tactics to reduce its distance from foreign markets. Firstly, Starbucks conducted extensive

The Fear Of Crime And Gun Control - 1328 Words

Abstract The fear of crime of crime a powerful thing that most people feel at some point in their life whether they are watching TV, listening to the radio or possibly reading the newspaper or even speaking to a friend. The fear as an emotional reaction characterized by a sense of danger and anxiety. To create fear of crime, the fear must be elicited by perceived cues in the environment that relate to some aspect of crime for the person. A very common fear related to crime is the fear of gun violence and the gun controls that come along with it. The different gun laws that are provided bring a great fear to people in different ways because of the inconsistency that it comes with. Gun related fear can come in two different forms. One fear†¦show more content†¦Education rates showed to be lower in states with the most gun violence as well. There are plenty of studies that have helped show how states with the highest gun violence and less gun control are states that have the most povert y as well as less educated Americans. To determine the states with the most gun violence researchers reviewed firearm related data from the CDC (Center Disease Control, Uniformed Crime Reports and the U.S Census Bureau (Kent, 2015). Literature Review When examining the states with the least gun control, Louisiana was listed to be one of the worst states with the least gun laws. (Gun Laws, 2015) explains the current Gun Control Law that Louisiana enforces to its fellow citizens. Louisiana is also known to be called the â€Å"Gun Loving state† which allows firearms to be easily obtained by anyone. To obtain a firearm you immediately think that along with a firearm come a lot of procedures to get one. Well not for Louisiana, as long as you have a valid ID and are of the age 18 and 21 owning a gun is looking pretty promising. Under the state’s law you are only required to be 21 years of age to obtain a handgun and only 18 years old to own shotguns or rifles. Louisiana’s State law does not require anyone to have a gun permit, license or a registration. The only few restrictions that pertain to guns within the state is where you areShow MoreRelatedGun Control Essay692 Words   |  3 PagesGun Control [Name of the Writer] [Supervisor Name] [Subject] [Date] Gun Control Introduction Gun control has been a debatable issue for all times. This essay aims to put forward an argument against gun control. The essay asserts that prevalence of gun control should not be a part of the society. Society should be against gun control because people should be able to protect themselves, the crime rate would decrease, and people have the right to bear arms. Discussion The controversy regardingRead MoreArgument Against Gun Control1340 Words   |  6 PagesAgainst Gun Control The argument on firearm regulation has been a heated discussion for many years. On one side of the debate, we have people in favor placing restrictions on guns, while, on the opposite end of the spectrum, we have people fighting the regulation of guns. People in favor gun restrictions believe gun control can reduce crime ,while, the people against gun control believe having the right to bear arms is an effective crime deterrentRead MoreThe Effects Of Gun Control On Crime, Self Defense, And Behavior1237 Words   |  5 Pagespeople think that the crime rate increases as gun become more readily available. Others believe guns as the way to protect against any criminal violence. This research paper attempts to answer the question: How does the availability of firearms impact the security of the U.S.? The answer to this question is that the nation s security is unaffected by gun control. No one is safer or more in danger with guns being available. This paper will show the effect of gun a vailability on crime, self defense, andRead MoreGun Control Persuasive Essay1068 Words   |  5 PagesThere is no question that gun control has been one of the biggest debates for many years and has not gotten anywhere. Our country has been through horrific crimes that majorly involve guns. Such incidents that has brought back the controversial debate of gun usage and that has made the government to take reinforcements towards such issue. Is it rightful to carry a gun and hurt an individual whenever it is required? Isn’t part of our rights to bear arms? These questions have been a huge argument betweenRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control950 Words   |  4 Pages1. The truth is, violent crimes in America are often very high, but in reality property crimes happen more. In the nine year olds case, the gun wasn’t properly put away, causing the tragic incident. Personally, I think if an individual has taken appropriate courses for owning a gun, have had a background check, a nd seem stable then it is fine for them to own a gun. Guns should be used for protection, hunting for food during the appropriate season, and used at a gun range where safe objects are theRead MoreEssay on Guns Dont Kill People, Criminals Kill People1187 Words   |  5 Pages Gun control is a leading concern in America today. Recent shootings and murders today have people scared and pushing forward for gun control acts. In my opinion there should not be gun control acts on any guns besides automatic guns because, automatic guns should strictly be for military use only. Guns don’t kill people, people kill people. Many people push for gun control, but the effects of gun control are too severe. In this paper I claim to tell about the reasons why someoneRead MorePros And Cons Of Strict Gun Control926 Words   |  4 PagesStrict gun control is not the answer to America’s problem for the following reasons: First, Criminals can still acquire weapons in many illegal ways, strict gun laws violate the rights and liberties of American citizens, and gun control does not stop crime from happening. According to Laws, â€Å"The firearms being used in crimes are overwhelmingly illegal weapons, and unfortunately, the government is unable to track illegal weapons because of their illegal, unregistered status† (Gun.laws.com). FirstRead MoreA Need for Gun Control but Not the Governments Form Essay654 Words   |  3 PagesWhat is gun control? Gun control is the government controlling what a person can and cannot do with their guns. In the United States there is about 200,000,000 guns, which is about as many people as there is in the country (Carter). If a person is deprived of all their gun privileges, crime would be at a major high, because people wouldn’t be able to defend themselves from others. If someone robs a person’s house in the middle of the night, many people would prefer a gun to defend themselves thanRead MoreGun Control in America1313 Words   |  6 PagesGun Control in America Peter Z Bliss ENG/215 February 2, 2012 Kim Holloway Gun Control in America Gun control is a debate topic that comes up every election and when a major event happens that involving guns. Pro-gun lobbyists say â€Å"Guns don’t kill people, people kill people† [ (Hagan, 2007) ] the anti-gun advocates want to take away the right to bear arms. This topic has no right or wrong answer it is a preference of the individual. This is why gun control is such a fiercely debated topicRead MoreShould Gun Laws Be Stricter Gun Control?1354 Words   |  6 PagesRights for Guns We have all been through that pain of losing a love one either it was to an incurable disease, old age, and car accident or during time of war. Nevertheless, we have lost more love ones through gun violence. People have own guns since the time guns were invented, but â€Å"Are guns for everyone?† We have heard of gun laws throughout the whole United States of America some enforce those laws and other do not. The government enforce stricter gun control laws so the public can be safe, to

Draw the structure of a mitochondrion as seen in an electron micrograph Free Essays

6)a) Draw the structure of a mitochondrion as seen in an electron micrograph.[5] B) Describe the central role of acetyl (ethanoyl) CoA in carbohydrate fat metabolism.[5] Acetyl CoA is formed in both carbohydrate and fat metabolism. We will write a custom essay sample on Draw the structure of a mitochondrion as seen in an electron micrograph or any similar topic only for you Order Now In carbohydrate metabolism, Acetyl CoA links glycolysis and the Krebs’s cycle in a link reaction, in the link reaction carbohydrates or glucose is converted into pyruvic acid and from that into Acetyl CoA. In fat metabolism, the Acetyl CoA is formed from fats, the fats breakdown into glycerol and fatty acids. The fatty acids are then oxidized to form Acetyl CoA. The carrier CoA accepts acetyl groups produced in both metabolisms and brings them to be used in the Krebs cycle. c) Discuss the importance of a balanced diet for people with varying energy needs. [8] A balanced diet is a diet which contains vitamins, minerals, and other necessary particles for the normal function of the body, but also a balanced diet is balanced so it doesn’t contain any of these in excess or lacking in. For a person to remain healthy they must have a balanced diet. If there are excessive amounts of energy left in the body it may cause obesity. Everyone has different energy needs, for example an 80 year old needs less energy than a 14 year old. Different people have different needs depending on their age, amount of action done in a day, their physical condition and gender. The more physically active a person is the more energy they require; an Olympic athlete needs more energy than a science teacher. So the Olympic athlete needs more energy so they need to take in lots of carbohydrates and sugars that can be broken down easily and quickly to provide them with the ATP the need. A science teacher will need fewer carbohydrates than the Olympic athlete because the teacher doesn’t need a quick energy supplier so they tend to eat fats and carbohydrates. Most of the energy gotten from fats is stored in the body therefore this is not useful if you need the energy immediately. Muscular System: Muscle Metabolism iframe class="wp-embedded-content" sandbox="allow-scripts" security="restricted" style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);" src="https://phdessay.com/muscular-system-muscle-metabolism/embed/#?secret=6wp7xeL5dz" data-secret="6wp7xeL5dz" width="500" height="282" title="#8220;Muscular System: Muscle Metabolism#8221; #8212; Free Essays - PhDessay.com" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no"/iframe Also pregnant women need more energy than me because she needs to supply herself and the child with energy. During times of growth you also need more energy than usual because you body is growing and it needs extra energy. Also someone who isn’t that physically active should require less energy than someone who is very physical active. There is a trend that men need more energy daily than a woman. How to cite Draw the structure of a mitochondrion as seen in an electron micrograph, Papers

Efficient Market Hypothesis free essay sample

Introduction The efficient markets hypothesis (EMH) is a dominant financial markets theory developed by Michael Jensen, a graduate of the University of Chicago and one of the creators of the efficient markets hypothesis, stated that, â€Å"there is no other proposition in economics which has more solid empirical evidence supporting it than the Efficient Markets Hypothesis† [Jensen, 1978, 96]. This paper analyzes whether it is possible to measure if markets are efficient in the strong form of EMH. A generation ago, the efficient market hypothesis was widely accepted by academic financial economists; for example, Eugene Fama’s (1970) influential survey article, â€Å"Efficient Capital Markets. † It was generally believed that securities markets were extremely efficient in reflecting information about individual stocks and about the stock market as a whole. The accepted view was that when information arises, the news spreads very quickly and is incorporated into the prices of securities without delay. Thus, neither technical analysis, which is the study of past stock prices in an attempt to predict future prices, nor even fundamental analysis, which is the analysis of financial information such as company earnings, asset values, etc. It should not be in the form of an essay. It should not simply be the sum of different departmental strategies. Rather, it should present an overall integrated strategy reflecting a long-run scenario plan. It should be supported by the different departmental components of that strategy. The full details of the departmental strategies can be included in Appendices. There are plenty of on-line examples of how to write a strategy document. You will still need to decide which format suits your strategy. Further advice will be given in the module. 2. Media Statement in Response to Intervention (500 words 10%) We will be looking for a justification, integration and coherence focus of action in the statement. To be submitted by 17. 00 Thursday 18th April 2013. 3. Media Conference and Board Presentation (10% or 5% per event) This includes the Management, Presentation and Coherence of the Media Conference and Board Presentation. Individual Assignment 4. Individual Reflection (50%) Critically reflect on selected strategy (10%), group processes (10%); response to the intervention (10%); and your individual role (10%). Identify what you take from these experiences; what you would have done differently? (10%) This report should be in an essay format and can include supporting documents. The purpose of the individual coursework is to enable you to reflect on your learning from the coursework and the Company Case experience. This can include reference to: The challenges of integrating multi-disciplinary approaches to business and integrating business strategy; †¢ Group dynamics and management, your role within the group and interactions with others, decision-making processes under pressure; and group development and coherence; †¢ Real busin ess experiences of public exposure through the media and defence of strategies from senior managers. You might want to structure it by time or key stages (i. e. Strategy formulation and process; responses to interventions and the Media statement; Group formation and dynamics; Media and Board Events and event management). Please do not use this essay to criticise others but to reflect on your experiences and how you might approach this differently in the future. The essay is due at 16. 00 on 24th May 2013. Session 1 Monday 15th April 09. 30 – 11. 00 Module Introduction Introduction to the Case; Allocation of Groups What is Sustainability? In this session we will introduce the Module, its aims, activities and structure and we will clarify the assignments and assessment. We will introduce the Company Case, Wearing Well or Wearing Out? and allocate the groups. We will address the question, what is sustainability? The Company Case The Company Case ‘Wearing Well or Wearing Out? ’ will be introduced; the full case will be circulated separately. In essence Wearing Well is a long-standing UK retail chain which has recently been taken over by a private equity consortium. It has principally sold women’s clothing but also men’s clothing, men’s and ladies shoes and accessories, furnishing, appliances, and home accessories. The company is not considered to be performing well by the owners and they have commissioned a new management team (i. e. YOU in the different groups) to turn the company around. You are asked to prepare an initial five year plan in the form of a Strategy Document and to consider how integrating sustainability into the strategy can add value to the company. You will also be asked to respond to an ‘intervention’ in the form of a Media Statement. You will be required to explain and justify your initial strategy and the subsequent response in two ‘live events’ both on Friday 20th April:1. A Media Conference (supported by a Media statement that you will need to prepare) 2. A Board Meeting (supported by a Strategy Document that you will also need to prepare) Groups The class members will be organised into groups with whom they will address the Group Assignments (Strategy Document, Media Statement in Response to Intervention, Media Conference and Board Meeting). Break out rooms will be allocated. When class members are allocated to their groups, the groups will then need to decide and agree job roles / descriptions / responsibilities and assign these to group members. Each member will then be required to sign a ‘contract’. What is Sustainability? A general introduction to the theme of sustainability will be provided. The key pillars of sustainability will be introduced: 1. Balance of social, environmental and economic criteria 2. Intra-generational justice 3. Inter-generational justice. A systems approach is used to highlight the importance of sustainability and to understand the importance of sustainability to business. Preliminary Reading Senge, P (2009) ‘Sustainability: Not What You Think It Is’ MIT Sloan Management Review June Michael Porter and Mark R Kramer (2011) ‘Creating Shared Value’ Harvard Business Review Jan – Feb 2011 See http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sustainability. Core Reading Stead and Stead (2009) Chapters 1-4 OR Stead and Stead (2004) Chapters 1-3 (Chapter 2 provided) Dunphy Dexter, Andrew Griffiths and Suzanne Benn (2007) Organisational Change for Corporate Sustainability, New York: Routledge. Chapters 1 and 2 (Part 1), Background reading on Sustainability (All provided in the Module Booklet) Assadourian Erik (2007) ’Acknowledgements,’ Vital Signs 2007-2008, 104-105, New York: WW Norton and Company. Brown, Lester R. (2008) Plan B 3. 0: Mobilising to Save Civilisation. New York: WW Norton and Company. Donella H. Meadows, Dennis L. Meadows, Jorgen Randers, and William W. Behrens III. (1972) The Limits to Growth. New York: Universe Books Ehrlich Paul R. and Ann H. Ehrlich (1990) The Population Explosion. New York: Simon and Schuster. Elkington John. (1997) Cannibals with Forks. Oxford UK: Capstone Publishing Limited. Hart, S and Milstein, M (2003) ‘Creating Sustainable Value’ Academy of Management Executive 17 (2) 56 69 Laszlo, C (2003) The Sustainable Company Island Press Chapter 1 Munasinghe, M (2009) Sustainable Development in Practice: Sustainomics Methodology and Applications Cambridge Chapter 2 Senge, Peter M (1990) The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organisation. New York: Doubleday/Currency. Wearing Well CEO Agreement Group Role Description Manage allocation of group roles and submit Manager Agreements Manage decision processes for Group Strategy and Media Statement in Response to Interventions Manage preparation for Media conference and Board presentation Submit Group Strategy and Media Statement (according to deadlines and word lengths) CEO Name Signature Module Lecturer (Simon Wright) Signature Date Wearing Well Manager Agreement Group Role Title Role Description Name Signature CEO Name Signature Date Session 2 Monday 15th April 11. 30 – 13. 00 Shared Value and Stakeholder Value This session will provide the opportunity to revise the concept of stakeholders and to apply it specifically to the question of strategies for sustainability. Different frameworks for understanding stakeholders will be discussed and contrasted, highlighting the importance of understanding and managing stakeholder expectations in strategy formation for sustainability. We will have virtual appearances by the Stakeholder guru, RE ‘Ed’ Freeman and by Harvard Professor Michael. E. Porter discussing the concept of ‘shared value’. Core Reading Michael Porter and Mark R Kramer (2011) ‘Creating Shared Value’ Harvard Business Review Jan – Feb 2011 Freeman, R. Edward, Harrison, Jeffrey S. and Wicks, Andrew C. (2007) Managing for Stakeholders: Survival, Reputation and Success Yale University Press. See provided a short paper R. E. Freeman (2008) ‘Managing for Stakeholders: Survival, Reputation and Success’ Darden Business Publishing, University of Virginia (note permission has been obtained for the use of this paper in this module). Stead, W. Edward and Jean Garner Stead (2009) Management for a Small Planet Greenleaf 3rd Edition Chapter 7 provided Session 3 Monday 15th April 14. 00 – 15. 30 Business Briefing: Sustainability in the Retail Sector Stuart Wright, Head of Corporate Responsibility Sustainability J Sainsbury PLC http://www. j-sainsbury. co. uk/responsibility This presentation will highlight the current sustainability policies, practices and issues for J Sainsbury PLC, one of the UK’s largest supermarkets. The session will provide an opportunity to consider trends, opportunities and challenges from the perspective of one of the UK’s most innovative and successful retailers. Stuart is responsible for the delivery of Sainsburys 20 by 20 Sustainability Plan, a ? 1 billion initiative to drive corporate responsibility across a variety of stretching targets encompassing environmental, sourcing, communities, food health. Session 4 Monday 15th April 16. 00 – 17. 30 Business Briefing and Group work: First Steps Here you will begin your assessment of the Company Case and your preparation of your Strategy. This will involve agreement about individual roles within the Group, integration and time lines, and about decision-making and strategy-making processes. You should start your stakeholder scanning for WW. Sessions 5 6 Tuesday 16th April 09. 30 – 12. 30 Business Briefing and Group work: First Steps Here you will begin your assessment of the Company Case and your preparation of your Strategy. This will involve agreement about individual roles within the Group, integration and time lines, and about decision-making and strategy-making processes. You should start your stakeholder scanning for WW. Sessions 7 8 Tuesday 16th April 13. 30 – 17. 30 Group Work: Scenario Planning for WW This will enable you to apply the processes of scenario planning for sustainability (Sessions 5 and 6). What sort of environment (supply, employees, market) and company do we plan for? What overall strategy should we follow? You may find that this overview gets reviewed as you explore operational realities and develop operational strategies. Session 9 Wednesday 17th April 09. 30 – 11. 00 Business Briefing and Group Work: Operational Scanning for WW Each operational manager should be scanning their area of responsibility: what is working? Why? How do the operations support / undermine the overall performance of WW? This will enable you to apply the thinking about developing operational strategies for WW. Session 10 Wednesday 17th April 11. 30 – 13. 00 Group work: Operational Strategies for WW The process started in Session 8 should feed into the preliminary thinking about operational strategies. You will need to think about the relationships between the results of the different operational scanning exercises and the fit – or otherwise – of preliminary operational strategies. These will ultimately need to be informed by the overall strategy that you select. However, also the overall strategy needs to take account of operational realities and to integrate operational strategies. What do you remember from your Strategy modules? Session 11 Wednesday 17th April 14. 00 – 15. 30 Group Work: Preliminary Integration of Strategies for WW Here you will begin to integrate your operational Strategies; identify and address inconsistencies. Do the operational strategies reinforce one another? Does the overall strategy run through all the operations? Is there a clear vision for WW?

15 Great Word Games

15 Great Word Games 15 Great Word Games 15 Great Word Games By Mark Nichol Writers and editors are among the most dedicated (read: obsessive) fans of word games. (I play Scrabble once a week a relatively low frequency that may indicate only a mild addiction.) As the name of an old Reader’s Digest feature suggests, they enrich your word power, but they’re also fun. Here is a roster of some of the most entertaining games, from traditional contests like Password to innovative variations like Upwords. Most games listed have children’s versions, and many are available in both analog and digital form. 1. Apples to Apples Players take turns judging which noun selected by a player from a hand of cards, each labeled with a noun, best matches on criteria such as funniest, most appropriate, or least appropriate an adjective printed on another card. (Cards) 2. Balderdash Players take turns crafting fake definition for obscure words in the hope that others will select the false meaning from a set of possible definitions. (Cards) 3. Boggle Players take turns jumbling a four-by-four grid of letter cubes, and all players try to form as many words as they can from letters displayed on adjacent cubes. (Letter cubes). 4. Bulls-Eye Players create words from cards labeled with single letters; they take turns rolling a die to determine the word length that earns points for each round, then advance tokens on a board according to how many points they earned. (Cards and board with tokens) 5.Catch Phrase Players take turns providing teammates with clues to the identity of a secret word before a timer goes off. (Handheld electronic timer with a database of words) 6. Password Players try to get teammates to identify a secret word by providing one-word clues; teams take turns, and the number of points awarded for a correct guess decreases with each failed attempt. (Cards) 7. Scattergories Players list as many words belonging to a category and starting with a given letter as they can. (Cards) 8. Scrabble Players use letter tiles to form words they can attach to words already placed on a grid ; they rack up points based on the relative values of the letters and of grid squares that, when used, multiply the value of letters or words. (Board and letter tiles) 9. Scrabble Upwords Players form words by placing letter tiles on a board, but, unlike in Scrabble, all letters have equal value, and bonuses are earned by forming new words by placing new tiles on top of some existing ones. (Board with letter tiles) 10. Taboo Players try to get teammates to guess a word by providing other word clues, but they are prohibited from using a list of the most obvious clues. (Cards) 11. Text Twist Players form as many words as possible from a randomly generated group of letters before a timer runs out. (Computer) 12. Word Blur Players use word tiles to prompt teammates to correctly guess a secret word. (Tiles) 13. Word Zigzag In this Boggle-like game with a grid of letters (unlike as in Boggle, in this game, the size of the grid is variable), players attempt to find as many strings of letters that form words as they can. Not to be confused with Zig-Zag, described below. (Application, or paper and pencil) 14. Words with Friends This high-tech multiplayer variation on Scrabble, which has achieved phenomenal success thanks, in part, to a number of celebrity aficionados, allows multiple simultaneous games with known or unknown opponents. (Application) 15. Zig-Zag Players try to guess each other’s secret words by testing how many letters of another word are in the secret word, and where the letters in common are positioned. (This game seems to be out of print, but used copies are available online, or prospective players could recreate the game materials from descriptions.) Update: Looking for more? We created another list with 50 more great word games, so check that out Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Incorrect Pronunciations That You Should Avoid50 Nautical Terms in General Useâ€Å"Least,† â€Å"Less,† â€Å"More,† and â€Å"Most†

Cross-cultural communication Essay Example

Cross Cross-cultural communication Paper Cross-cultural communication Paper Cooperating and Communicating Across Cultures Grandma University Abstract This study case covers many deferent aspects of cooperation and communication cross-cultural. In the situations between the Americans and the Germans. Case (1) was an American working on a team, which was control by Germans and their ways of communicating and cooperation: in case (2) it was a German working on a team, which was control by Americans and their ways of communicating and cooperation. These situation has shown us how different cooperation and communication across ultra from an American perspective as well from a German perspective. The perspectives of the following individuals introduced the differences between two cultures. In the beginning we are placed in the perspective of an American and his travel to Germany. From the very first meeting, the problems began. In the Americans perspective of the planning process, they should have Identified a set leader to facilitate or mediate the meeting. By not having a set plan or agenda, this caused them not to be able to reach an agreement. In the Germans perspective of he planning process, they incorporated informality amongst the team members. Such as the team leader being the moderator instead of the leader of the group. In the Americans perspective of working under a team leader, the team leader was not in control of the situation, and was acting as a member of the team and not a leader. Based on the Americans perspective, there was no delegation of roles or a team effort, the members individually focused on the objectives and not working as a team. From the Americas perspective, there was no team cohesiveness to accomplish heir objective, and there also was little communication exchanged amongst the team. From the Germans perspective, all team members were working individually, and the moderator was going around asking questions to follow-up.

BTEX in an Urban Setting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

BTEX in an Urban Setting - Essay Example Furthermore, the chemicals are also widely used in the urban setting for several purposes. The components of BTEX have effects on both human and environment. However, the effects are more serious on human since the environmental effects also affects human indirectly. This is because human resides I the environment and uses most of the resources that BTEX has adverse effects on. For instance BTEX contaminates water and water is life to human. It also contaminates soils and this is one of the most important resources for human especially in agricultural production. However, these components have different effects on human depending on the degree of concentration. Furthermore, they have both long-term and short-term effects on human life. Human are greatly exposed to effects of BTEX because its components are encountered by man regularly. There are several short-term effects of these components. They include; respiratory effects especially nose and eye irritation due to inhalation. It may also cause problems to the central nervous system and this may further lead to dizziness, loss of coordination, headache and tiredness. Additionally, prolonged exposure to the chemicals may lead to other complications in the blood system, liver, and kidneys. However, these are the combined effects of the acronym, but the individual chemicals have other effects on human life. There are other individual effects that these chemicals cause the human life, for instance, benzene. Long-term exposure to benzene may lead to production of phenol after high concentration of the chemical in fatty tissues of the blood stream. This chemical produced is more carcinogenic than benzene hence harmful to human life. Furthermore, high exposure leads to fatality. Therefore, benzene is poisonous and toxic. Individuals have to be careful when exposed substances that produce the chemical. This is because even small quantities of the chemicals are harmful to human health. Furthermore,

Court Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Court Paper - Essay Example During the day of the court hearing, I had the opportunity to encounter various events and activities, as well as actions, which were vital in understanding the direction of the case. I arrived at the venue 30 minutes before the session or trial. I had the opportunity to accompany other people I met at the entrance to the public lounge within the courtroom. Every person was all seated until nine in the morning when the judge made an entrance. During this time, everyone was up on his or her feet as a show of respect to the position of the judge. The judge gave the permission for everyone to have a seat prior to the introduction of the case and provision of permission to the prosecutor to continue with the case. Another critical action, which was essential during this encounter, was the tendency by the prosecutor to call witnesses one by one with the intention of submitting evidence to establish or refute the offense. The prosecutor had the ability and potentiality, as well as the righ t to first question each witness prior to cross-examination by the defense. These events are essential in describing or illustration of the trial as one of the litigation processes of the course. During this court visit, I was able to see the paralegals in association with the case. The existing paralegals in the case were in the form of lawyers representing the defendant and victim during this civil case. The paralegals focused on working or providing legal services in relation to the legal work under an attorney and subsequent law firms.

Florida Department of Management Services Case Study

Florida Department of Management Services - Case Study Example For this to be achieved, connections of virtual point-to-point must be done. These connections make use of encryptions and dedicated connection easy. This brings about a similarity in the manner in which access to information on the extended network and the way there is access on the private network. This way, employees are able to access information from the department of management intranet while they are far from the office. This starts with entering the employee’s identification credentials. That way, other internet users who are not employees cannot be able to access it (Cordin, 2006). The IP security on the other hand acts as a filter for traffic going through the administrator of the network. It ensures access to only those authenticated. The IP security authenticates and encrypts every communication session IP packet. It includes mutual authentication establishment protocols between agents while starting the session as well as cryptographic key’s negotiation in the course of the session. It therefore protects the flow of data between security gates pair, host pair or network to host. An IP security protects the IP network against application traffic. The IP security therefore, is a security mechanism (Peterovic, 2009). The transition the Florida department of management system was to be carried out in two phases; shadowing and on-the-job transition. During shadowing, the new service provider worked under the former provider and observed the daily operations. During this period, the new provider read the relevant material in order to get familiar with the actual work. On job transition, on the other hand, allowed the new provider to participate in the process. This, however, made the process unnecessarily long and costly. During this transition, the IP infrastructure was developed. After this, DMS started adding applications. One of the most widely used applications was the system of Client /server employment. The former system was used to store information to be used to store data of 125,000 employees. This system had proven to be more secure and offered reliable services. It was however, very slow. This configuration catered for 6000 users all over the state (Afuah, 2012). SNA control processors controlled the users. During transition, they were transformed into router networks. The router networks were stationed in deferent parts and centralized to a central router. This increased the speed and access of information about employees. Furthermore, this made payment of salaries easier. This however, comes along with many challenges. In the transition, issues of security of the data were not addressed. The employees could easily access all the information that needed not to be in their custody. Furthermore, the new structure opened up room for other internet users to access the information that could otherwise be considered confidential. This therefore, compromised the security (Afuah, 2012). One of the services offere d on the DMS website include provision for jobs and vacancies posting (Afuah, 2009). While this can be viewed as a good service, it comes along with several challenges. To begin with, it allows for frauds since it is hard to distinguish between genuine employers and those who want to take advantage of Job seekers by stilling from them. Furthermore, the online job posting could lead to very many responses many of which are from unqualified people. This makes

Clone Detection in Object Oriented Systems

Clone Detection in Object Oriented Systems Program Slicing based Clone Detection in Object Oriented Systems Ishu Singla Rajesh Bhatia Abstract— Program slicing is an efficient technique for understanding programs by simplifying them. It is a program analysis technique that extracts a particular set of statements relevant to any computation. For the last 25 years, the technique has found its application in a number of research areas like testing, debugging, maintenance etc. In this paper, we have proposed a method to use this technique for clone detection in object oriented programs. As program slicing concentrates only on the relevant portion of the programs based upon some criteria, this property can be utilized in clone detection process. For this we have used Program Dependency Graphs as an intermediate representation. These PDG’s are later used to extract isomorphic partial slices and finally these slices are matched to find out potential clones. Keywords— Partial Slices;PDG; Isomorphism. I. Introduction A code clone represents a sequence of statements that are duplicated in multiple locations of a program. Clones often arise in source code as a result of multiple cut paste operations on the source. Thus, Code cloning can be considered as the act of copying code fragments and making minor, non-functional alterations in the implemented code. Code cloning increases the maintenance cost because if there is an error in the code fragment to be copied, then that error will be propagated at different places. Thus, the normal functioning of the system is not affected but further development may become prohibitively expensive [1][2]. Pre-processing of the whole program is often not a good choice while searching for clones. The program contains a number of irrelevant statements, thus, pre-processing will be a time consuming process [1][3]. Also the approach for finding clones in procedural oriented and object oriented programs is completely different. Clone detection in object oriented programs has a number of problems [15] and sometimes follows different approach. Selecting a particular set of statements from a large program that contains statements relevant to a particular computation is called program slicing. Thus, Program Slicing improves program understandability and find its importance in a number of applications such as software maintenance, software debugging, testing etc [3][5]. A number of code clone detection techniques have been proposed based on text, token, graphs, trees and metrics [1]. Some other techniques based on models and some hybrid techniques have also been proposed [9][11]. The main advantage of using program slicing is that we can find the non-contiguous, intertwined code clones, where the coder changes some of the statements and the rest of the code remains unchanged in between[2][4]. II. DEFINITIONS Program slicing was originally introduced by Weiser that defines program slicing as an analysis technique which extracts the elements of a program related to a particular computation. That set of statements collectively called as program slice. Program slices contains that parts of a program that affects the values computed at some point of interest. Program slicing automatically decomposes program by determining the data and control dependencies [3][8]. A. SLICING CRITERION Slicing in program is always computed on the basis of some slicing criterion. We can represent slicing criterion as , where S is the statement from which the slice is to be computed and V is the variable for which the slice is to be computed and that variable must exist in the statement S [8]. B. DATA DEPENDENCY Statement P is data dependent on statement Q of a program if there exists a variable m at P which is accessed also in statement Q [6]. Consider the following example, 1.x=10; 2.y=x+c; In statement 1, we are assigning a value 10 to x and in statement 2, we are using the value of x. So, there is a data dependency between the two statements 1 and 2. C. CONTROL DEPENDENCY Statement P is control dependent on statement Q if and only if statement P controls the execution of statement Q [6]. Consider the following example, 1.if(statement 1) 2. statement 2; In the above example, statement 2 will be executed if statement 1 results in true value. Thus, statement 2 is control dependent on statement 1. Figure. 1 flow chart for program slicing based clone detection. III. Clone Detection Using the Program Slicing in object oriented programs Figure 1 shows the flow chart for the clone detection approach. The technique starts by taking two sample java programs. Then, the pre-processing of these programs is to be done, in which we remove the comments and blank spaces. Thereafter, the .class files for the normalized sample programs are generated. After this, the Program Dependency Graphs (PDGs), on the basis of control and data dependencies, are determined for the two programs. The program dependency graph is represented in the form of adjacency matrix as shown in figure 2. It is an n*n matrix where n is the no of statements in the normalized program. Every entry ‘1’ represents the data dependency between the two statements determined from the row and column of the matrix. Similarly, every entry 2 represents the control dependency between two statements. Now, by having a close look at the adjacency matrix, it is quite clear that the matrix is sparse because the occurrence of zero is higher than the non-zero entries. So comparing the adjacency matrices of the two programs can’t be an efficient approach. Thus, an algorithm has been developed that determines the partial slices from the adjacency matrix in the form of lists. In earlier techniques for program slicing, the slicing criterion has to be defined manually to determine the slices. But, in our approach, the program slices are determined automatically on the basis of the mentioned algorithm. Because, the slices are extracted starting from the first statement, using control and data dependencies in the adjacency matrix. Figure 2. Example of Adjacency matrix obtained from programs. A. Algorithm for Program Slicing Input:- A control data dependency adjacency matrix mat[n][n] of size n*n where n is the no of statements. Every entry ‘1’ at index mat[i][j] shows that there is a data dependency between statement i and j and every entry ‘2’ represents the control dependency between statement i and j. Output:- Partial slices in form of lists The partial slices are extracted from the adjacency matrix, which are in the form of lists. Once, the partial slices for the two java programs are determined, we have to match them using an efficient matching algorithm. If there is cloning among the two source codes, then there must be a match between these partial slices. The matching algorithm will find out the extent of cloning between the two programs by comparing the partial slices and finally return percentage of cloning as result. IV. Related Work In last two decades, various algorithms have been proposed for program slicing. All have its own advantages and shortcomings. In next section, an overview of recent research in the area of program slicing is given. Z. Guangquan et. al proposed a method to slice the concurrent object oriented programs. In this approach the java concurrency model is used and dependencies between the statements are defined. The paper presents the method of extracting slicing criterion from linear temporal logic property and proposes the steps of computing slicing. Multithreaded dependency graph is used for intermediate representation. A Two-pass algorithm based on Variable Cache Table is adapted to compute slices by extracting out the irrelevant portions of the programs. Results show the satisfaction is guaranteed for source and sliced program and the method can be easily extended to handle other concurrency models[7]. R. Komondoor et. al. proposed a tool to detect clones in C fragments. In their approach, they used program dependence graphs and program slicing to find isomorphic PDG subgraphs. These subgraphs can be represented as clones. This tool is capable of finding non-continuous clones, intertwined clones and clones in which different variable names are used and statements have been reordered. The approach has been applied for the procedural oriented programs and finds many variants of ideal clones. A number of test cases demonstrating the application of approach on large programs have been shown [4]. A. Surendran et. al. proposed a partial slicing approach as an effective method of program testing. Partial slices are formed from the combination of static slices and program points. In some cases static slices contains large number of program statements which are of little use in many practical applications. Partial slicing removes the disadvantage of large size of static slices. In their approach they use only static slices for the algorithm as static slices give all possible execution paths. As compared to original program there is a significant reduction in the number of statements in static slices using partial slicing. Using the constraints of partial slicing program testing is also simplified. This approach can also be used in debugging, maintenance and finding clones [10]. D. Liang et. al. presented system dependence graph for object-oriented software’s. They have shown that their approach is more precise than previous approaches and is more efficient to construct. It distinguishes data members that fit for different objects. It provides a way to represent data members that act as parameters and the effects of polymorphism on parameters and parameter bindings. It presents a concept of object slicing which helps in examine the statements in slice object by object. Object slicing is good technique for debugging and analysis of large scale programs. In their work an efficient mechanism is also provided to represent incomplete programs and to represent classes in class libraries [12]. T. Ishio et. al. proposed a program debugging tool. In their approach they proposed dynamic slicing to efficiently localize faults in procedural oriented and object oriented programs. Aspect-oriented programming is used for collecting dynamic information in program slicing calculation. The dynamic data dependence analysis aspect can be woven into various object-oriented programs without changes as the point cuts of the aspect in the approach is made in a generic form. With the help of dynamic program analysis module, a DC slice calculation system is developed. It improves maintainability and reusability of the module. The approach has also a restriction that it does not allow to analyze the local variables and local control structures. The benefits, usability and cost effectiveness of module show that it is a good tool for debugging [13]. B. Korel et. al. presents the concept of program slicing on the module level which helps in better understanding of program slices of large programs. In this paper on call graph level, execution level and module trace level several static and dynamic program slicing features are proposed. These features can also be used during software maintenance. The concept of static and dynamic program slicing is combined with different methods of visualization which helps in understanding the program. Experiment results show that it helps the process of understanding program [14]. V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK This paper provides a technique for detecting code clones in object oriented programs. For this purpose, program slicing is used as the base methodology. The algorithm uses PDGs as the intermediate representations for the source program. The PDG is represented in the form of adjacency matrix. Partial slices are extracted from the adjacency matrix and those slices are matched for possible clones. Result shows that program slicing is an efficient way for understanding programs and finding non-contiguous clones and intertwined code clones. The approach uses the control and data dependencies to find out adjacency matrix representation for the PDG. The whole process is automated where the user has to interact only once to input the programs for finding clones. Future work involves taking into consideration all the object oriented paradigm. It includes the object oriented programming features such as abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. An efficient algorithm for matching partial slices is also to be developed. REFERENCES [1] Dhavleesh Rattan, Rajesh Bhatia, Maninder Singh, â€Å"Software clone detection: a systematic review,† Information and software technology, Vol. 55, No. 7, pp. 1165-1199, 2013. [2] C. K. Roy, J.R. Cordy and R. Koschke, â€Å"Comparison and evaluation of code clone detection techniques and tools: A qualitative approach,† Science of computer programming, Vol. 74, No. 7, pp. 470-495, 2009. [3] F. Tip, â€Å"A Survey of Program Slicing Techniques†, Journal of Programming Languages, 1995, vol. 3, no. 3,pp. 121-189. [4] R. Komondoor,S. Horwitz, Using Slicing to Identify Duplication in Source Code, Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Static Analysis, 2001. [5] Yingzhou Zhang, Baowen Xu, Jose Emilio, Labra Gayo, A Formal Method for Program Slicing, Proceedings of the 2005 Australian Software Engineering Conference (ASWEC’05) 1530-0803/05. [6] Jens Krinke, Advanced Slicing of Sequential and Concurrent Programs, Proceedings of the 20th IEEE International Conference on Software Mai1ntenance (ICSM’04) 1063-6773/04,2004. [7] Z. Guangquan, R. Mei, An Approach of Concurrent Object-oriented Program Slicing Base on LTL Property, 2008 IEEE International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering,DOI 10.1109/CSSE.2008.1283. [8] M. Weiser, Program slicing, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 10(4):352–357, 1984. [9] Dhavleesh Rattan, Rajesh Bhatia, Maninder Singh, â€Å"Model clone detection based on tree comparison,† India conference (INDICON), IEEE, pp. 1041 – 1046, 2012 [10] A. Surendran, P. Samuel, Partial Slices in Program Testing,2012 IEEE 35th Software Engineering Workshop. [11] Yogita Sharma, Rajesh Bhatia, Raj Kumar Tekchandani, â€Å"Hybrid technique for object oriented software clone detection,† ME thesis submitted at Thapar University, Patiala, 2011 [12] D. Liang, M. Harrold, Slicing Objects Using System Dependence Graph, IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance,Washington, D.C., November 1998. [13] T. Ishio, S. Kusumoto,K. Inoue, Program Slicing Tool for Effective Software Evolution Using Aspect-Oriented Technique, Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Principles of Software Evolution, 2002 IEEE. [14] B. Korel, J. Rilling, Program Slicing in Understanding of Large Programs, Program Comprehension, 1998. IWPC 98. Proceedings., 6th International Workshop. [15] S. Khalsa, R. Bhatia,J. Chhabra, M. Singh, A Review of Coupling and Cohesion Measurement in OO Systems Using Program Slicing, ICISTM 2012, CCIS 285, pp.199-210,Springer, 2012.

Thomas Jefferson: Pragmatics over Doctrine :: Cheathouse Essays

Thomas Jefferson: Pragmatics over Doctrine During the period 1800-1817, the Jeffersonians to a great extent compromised their political principles and essentially â€Å"out Federalized the Federalists†. While traditional Jeffersonian Republicanism advocated a strict interpretation of the Constitution and an emphasis on an agrarian economic system, the actual policies of Presidents Thomas Jefferson and James Madison were markedly different from their theoretical principles. This obvious compromise of Jeffersonian principles is evident in the Federal government’s assumption of broad-based political powers and institution of capitalistic Hamiltonian economic reforms, both of which stemmed from Jefferson and Madison’s adoption of broad constructionist policies. Despite his many compromises however, Thomas Jefferson’s intent to dissolve the national debt was to a great extent unvarying. Jefferson and his Treasury Secretary Albert Gallatin honestly feared a large federal deficit as a threat to Republicanism. To avoid this threat, the President sought to diminish the role of the federal government, and decreased the national budget. These budget cuts substantially diminished the size and resources of the American army and navy. When criticized, Jefferson defended these military cuts as being consistent with Republican policies in that a smaller U.S. Army would be seen as less of a threat to other nations and reduce the risk of provocation, resulting in the ultimate promotion of peace. Unfortunately, the President’s consistency with Republican principles in matters of political power was not nearly as strong as his resolve to reduce the national debt. Under Jefferson and Madison, the federal government assumed political powers that the Constitution did not allot for. While prior to his presidency, Jefferson, then a strict constructionist had argued that the government should not assume any power unless specifically provided for in the Constitution, the Louisiana Purchase where America purchased a vast tract of land for $15 million, compromised these lofty ideals. In terms of the military, Thomas Jefferson had come to power vowing to reduce military size and power. Contrary to those principles, the Barbary War, where for nearly three years the American military exercised a naval blockade of the North African coast wasted millions of dollars of the people’s money and unconstitutionally violated states rights and strict constructionist principles, in the ir place asserting an alien un-Republican nationalism. While the evidence found in Jefferson’s political and military dealings helps us understand how Madison and him â€Å"out Federalized the Federalists†, an examination of Jefferson’s economic policies truly proves that in the words on one historian he was the â€Å"American Sphinx†.

Cultural adaptation and cultural change Essay

Culture is the set of all society’s spiritual, emotional, material and intellectual features of a social group or a whole society. It incorporates lifestyles, literature, traditions, value systems and beliefs with which the people from a certain society or even a group should follow. Individuals are made to respect their culture as a tool towards safeguarding it. Generally therefore, culture can affect one’s behavior both positively and negatively when individuals seek to adhere to the ways and authorities of their culture. Societal culture is an important tool towards shaping the people’s behavior. It provides norms, values, and traditions with which the people are supposed to adhere to in order to be in harmony with the societal rules, regulations and foundations. The cultural diversity within a society therefore seeks to provide respect on the fundamental human rights and freedoms. Through culture, the society is provided with a harmonious system through which they can interact with one another through various social integrations. Therefore, culture constrains our behavior when its promulgations require us to go by its standards. The personal feeling about a certain behavioral conception is dictated and shaped by the cultural dictations which require them to abide by these cultural dispensations. This is to say that, the people’s behavior within a society is constrained towards a certain behavioral conception by the requirements and dictates of their culture. (Lee, 1999) The role posited on the cultural constrain towards shaping our behavior can be argued diversely about its authenticity. At one level, it is good and recommendable since it helps in shaping and restoring the people’s behavior towards conceptions that are acceptable within a specific society. However, a counteractive argument can be placed on the negative implications allied to the cultural constrains in the societal behavior. By and large, the overall effect of this constrain is that it is wrong and a bad conception that is aimed at pulling the people behavior towards specific societal expectations. These expectations may be illogical to the changing societal structures. Behavioral constrain by culture has only acted to limit the people behavior towards a global behavioral change which would be a requisite to the requirements of societal change. This has therefore led to dogmatic scores and backwardness in behavioral expectations from such people who lack adequately borrowed behavior from the changing course of the global imagery from the effects of their society’s cultural dictates and authorities. Some major cultural dispensations are far below the scale that promotes a projected individual development since they are shaped and governed by traditional societal scores. (Lee, 1999) However, cultural change would perhaps be the most eminent tool towards governing strong behavioral changes. Cultural change can only be possible through cultural integration. This is the process with which different cultural groups come together to exchange their cultural imageries. Different cultures are intermingled through exchange and concept borrowing to bring up cultural diversity. A diversified culture is that which incorporates various cultural scores in its regulations and abandon specific cultural dispensations which could be underscored by traditionalism and dogmatic backwardness. Consequently, through cultural integration, people come to learn about new cultural systems embodied by other groups which bring more realistic sense towards modeling the societal behavior above its growth. Perhaps, cultural integration is what has rooted out various traditional cultures through models of westernization. Cultural diversity therefore opens more practical cultural developments that concur with the change in societal structures. Reference Lee, C (1999) The Complex Whole: Culture and Evolution of Human Behavior. West View Press

The Good War essays

The Good War essays The Good War, An Oral History of World War II, by Studs Turkel, is a compiliation of multiple accounts from servivors, on their personal experiences of the war. Each person with a differnt storie to tell; allowing for a very vivid description of the war, from various differnt perspectives, and points of view. In General, those who where not against the war from the beginning, found that the war had a significant and usually, suprisingly positive effect on them, and the rest of their lives. For the most part, those who went off to war, after the war, came back with a positeive outlook. Most of the American solders atlest, beleived that the war was either a major turning point in their life, was an exiting adventure, or tought them some kind of moral lesson that they carried with them throughout the rest of their life. What I find ironic is the fact that despite all the death and carnage that they were forced to view, that the majority of them were able to come back and say that it was the best experience of their lives, or that they wouldnt trade their war experience, for any thing in the world. I find it strange that a war can be one of the greatest things to happen to one in his/her lifetime. In contrast to that, young men who did not go off to the war, either becuase they were concientious objecters, or becuase of other reasons, had a negative view on the war. They believed that the war was wrong going in, and believed it was wrong when it was over. However, I dont believe that they can honestly say that it would have been best to have allowed Hitler to create his own empire at the expense of others, Just in order to prevent war. Yes, war is not a pretty thing, but at some point, it becomes inevidably inavoidable. Which brings me to my next point. Why did Studds Turkel choose to name this book The Good War? What Makes any war a Good War? Despite the fact that war itself is a hor...

My Most Important Decision essays

My Most Important Decision essays It was the most important decision that I had ever made. It has molded me into the person that I am today. It is the reason why I choose to live my life the way that I do. This one decision has given me a reason to hold on in times of struggle and turmoil. It has allowed me to have unbelievable peace. I have given my life to Christ, and this has changed my life forever. The day I gave my life to Christ was the happiest day of my life. It was such a big moment for me as a teenager. For a while, I had been struggling with the decision to do so. Prior to this big step, whenever I thought I was ready to devote my life to christ, something would stop me. It was as if something didn't want me to go forward with my decision. Something was holding me back with all of its strength. My focus would be taken off of God, and on to something else. There were times when my focus would be on boys. There would always be a boy to distract me and take my mind off of what had been so important to me. Th ere were times when my focus would be on all of my weaknesses. I always felt that there were too many things wrong with me and that I was completely incapable of committing myself. I felt as though I had been standing behind a locked gate, desiring to be on the other side, but not believing it to be possible. For a while, there had been no key available for me. I knew that all I had to do was make this decision wholeheartedly, and then I would be where I wanted to be in life. Yet, it was a fight between what I knew I needed to do and what I wanted to do. It was a battle between the flesh and the spirit. There were many times when my flesh would win the battles. I would do and say things that I knew I shouldn't have. I would lie to and disobey my parents. I would put down and ridicule others. However, even with all of the negative things that I would do, there was always a little voice that would always let me know that what I was doing was wrong. After a...

Report of the death of Vicky Margaret who died at Albany hospital Case Study

Report of the death of Vicky Margaret who died at Albany hospital - Case Study Example Vicky Margaret was involuntarily admitted at Albany Hospital because the doctors found out that she had a mental illness, which could not allow her to make an informed decision about whether to get treatment (Hope, 2009). The doctors discovered that Margaret had a mental illness according to the statement given by her mother. The statement argued that the patient was diagnosed with the mental disorder after giving birth to her two children. The hospital diagnosed Mrs. Greeuw with bipolar and schizoaffective disorders. The results of the post mortem conducted by the Chief Forensic Pathologist, Dr Cookie, however, indicated that Vicky died from bowel obstructions. The report that comprised of photographs showed that the bowel obstructions resulted from constipation, which led to vomiting and piling up of faeces in the rectum of the deceased. Further investigation indicated that the medication used to treat the patient was capable of leading to constipation. The medication includes Oloz apine, Lamotrigine, Ferrograd, Benztropine, and chlorpromazine (Hope, 2009). All the prescriptions had side effects of leading to constipation, and the doctors failed to examine Vicky’s physical condition. This led to the severity of the case, which consequently led to the death of Vicky Margaret.... This led to the severity of the case, which consequently led to the death of Vicky Margaret. 1.1 Objectives of the report The main aim of preparing this report is to find out and analyze the causes of the death of Vicky Margaret. The report also aims at formulating recommendations that will help health institutions to prevent similar cases. Health institutions may integrate the recommendations in their policies to ensure that nurses and doctors attend to patients efficiently. 2.0 Background of the report The report was compiled using nursing and laboratory notes and reports, in addition to discussions with critical health officers such as psychiatrists, nurses, and general practitioners. 2.1 Analysis of the Case using the Human Factors Models The Human Factors Model explains that efficiency at the workplace is achieved when human characteristics are integrated into the system of a clinic. The human factors include effective communication, safe working tools, and healthy working condi tions. The theory argues that errors are reduced in the workplace when there is efficient communication, and workers use safe tools. In this case, the patient was not examined physically, and there was no proper communication between the doctors who treated Vicky. Griffies, the doctor who admitted Margaret, argued that he was not responsible for the treatment of the patient. Griffies failed to communicate with the doctor who treated Vicky, yet he had some information on her condition. The practitioners also ignored the treatment history of the patient, which shows that Vicky was treated with bowel obstructions in 2005, and she had been admitted to the hospital twelve times since 1989. The case would have been

The Principle of Foreseeability and Proximity by Lord Atkin Essay

The Principle of Foreseeability and Proximity by Lord Atkin - Essay Example Inking V. Philliphs (1952), (K. Abbott, K. Wardley, B. Law 2001 taxi over a boy’s cycle. The boy who was not on the bicycle screamed. This mother (P) heard the scream and on looking out of the window saw the crushed bicycle but not her son. As a result, she suffered shock which made her ill. She failed in her action against D because it was held that a driver could only reasonably foresee that his carelessness would affect other road users and not persons in houses. He did not, therefore, owe a duty of care to P. In Tutton V. Wather (1985) (Ibid) P kept bees on land near D’s form D had a crop of oilseed rape which, when in flower, is particularly, attractive to bees. Despite clear written instructions to the contrary, D sprayed his crop while it was in flower, with a pesticide that was total to bees. His defence to P’s action was that no duty was owed because he was doing on his own land something that he was entitled to and that the bees came on the land without permission and were basically trespassers, the judge did not accept these arguments. It was held that the duty was owed under the neighbour principle and it had been broken. P, therefore, received compensation for the loss of his bee colony. The principle of foreseeability and proximity as laid down by lord ATKIN was again affirmed in Home office V. Dorset Yacht Co. Ltd. (Justice, P. Singh, how of farts 23rd edition) in which case some borstal trainees escaped one night due to the negligence of the Borstal officers who contrary to orders were in bed. The trainees caused damage to a yacht, the owner of which sued the home office for damages.

Project management coarse work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Project management coarse work - Essay Example One such result is the Denver International Airport Baggage Handling Project. In order to highlight on the high regard placed on project management, it is imperative to cite an example of such catastrophic failure, which accrued from poor project management. The Denver International Airport is currently ranked as among the five busiest airports in the world. The baggage handling system had a budget allowance of five hundred and sixty million. As such, it is of magnitude that will best depict the importance of this art if indeed project management can be regarded as such. This paper will explicate on the exact failures of the project management team while simultaneously endeavoring to relay alternative courses of action that would have yielded the desired results, if not better. Analysis Few failed projects can rival the extent to which the Denver International Airport baggage handling system cost the American tax payer. Given this significant impact, it is not startling that there ex ists numerous data to be sourced from the web expounding on the project. It is on this rationale that the internet fashioned a core data source for this paper. However, these sources might conflict on trivial details, what they do agree on is the insurmountable figures that characterized the baggage handling system. ... The baggage handling system was to cut delays by tremendous figures while simultaneously slashing aircraft turn around to as little as thirty minutes. On paper, it was the perfect project on which the new airport could embark. However, the dissimilarity between how the project appears on paper and in the actual senses all depends on the efficacy of the project management team (Lock, 2007). The resultant system, which was put in place, was a mere shadow of the project that had been envisioned. It neither had the glamour nor the efficiency of the proposed system. The Denver International Airport baggage handling system best exemplifies dysfunctional decision making. A series of these flawed decisions transformed a remarkably brilliant undertaking into a laughable ghost of the original project. The question now becomes who is responsible for this failure. A number of key errors were made along the way but, the bulk of the blame ought to lie with the project management team (Project Mana gement Institute, 2008). This stems from the fact that, it was their mandated task to guarantee a smooth and definite transition of the project from paper into real life. Project managers should first seek to understand the nature of their projects before they embark on them. This is in relation to the respective complexity, schedule, scope and the allocated budget. After gaining this vital understanding, they should then endeavor to make decisions with these facts in mind. An oversight that was made is that; the complexities that were to accompany the project were not well understood and subsequently handled. Thus, when in the advanced stages of the project, when such complexities arose the team was not well positioned to react accordingly. The implementation of the

In recent years Essay Example for Free

In recent years Essay In recent years, the selective and mobility promoting function of education has become more important than its socialising function` Do you agree? Explain I agree with the opinion that in recent years, the selective and mobility promoting function of education has become more important than its socialising function. While both these functions retain their importance, the selective and mobility one has received greater prominence. In the US, education has always been a gateway to professional life and a vehicle for social mobility. In a sense, this is a great advantage of the US society compared to those with traditionally rigid social structures since promotion to upper classes through education opens the way for those from low-income families to move up in their socioeconomic status relatively quickly. With years, however, educational institutions became a tool for sorting school graduates into those who qualify for professional careers and those who do not. Reliance on standardised tests has turned the US system of education into an institution that selects those fitting into the standards and gives them chances for social mobility. At the same time, the socializing function has become less important. Modern adolescents still seek to make new friends, to have cheerful college years. Their professors remind them that socializing is also important for social mobility, prompting them to build a network of acquaintances that will later contribute to their career. Thus, even socializing has been turned into a vehicle for social mobility. Students increasingly view their educational experience as a step toward career progress rather than a chance to gain friends or broaden their world outlook. This is visible, for instance, in graduate students’ aspirations to get into top MBA programs that many see as a gateway to high-salaried executive world. The main advantage of the top programs as compared to the rest, in the eyes of a large part of student body, is that they have sifted through applicants at the beginning, chosen the best ones and sent them off to high posts in business organisations. Socializing takes a second place in these considerations because students are mostly interested in career ambitions and see education as a way to realize them.

Effects of Renewable Energy in Nigeria

Effects of Renewable Energy in Nigeria AN INTRODUCTORY REVIEW: We are in the era, where we regularly envisage different sort of problems, some have a severe distress in it and some are like to be flash instantly. Poverty, financial instability, unemployment are some of the basic problems our society have faced from a number of years, but apart from that problems there are such problems which really makes the world like a hell. I intend to divert intentions towards some problems, which becomes so common across the globe. Energy Crisis and its conservation and environmental problems are some of the main problems our society has been facing from past few years. Before going further in to the details of its impacts and the problems which may arise from its threats, lets take a closer look of Energy Conservation and different environmental problems. AN OVERVIEW OF ENERGY CONSERVATION: Electricity and energy is now becomes an integral part of our routine life. Believe or not we are totally on the mercy of the energy to accomplish our different task. It has been observed that, and we also noticed that, the fear of energy crisis has been surging from past few years chaotically, which intervenes between the country to viable economically. After listen the name of the energy crisis, the thing which instantly clicks in our mind is the mitigation plan for this action and to abridge its threats accordingly. The practice of decreasing the quantity of energy used is known as the energy conservation. Efficiently uses any thing will enhance the productivity of that thing and will condense the hazards associated with it. A number of attributes are associated with the conservation of energy like deducing the financial cost which ultimately effects on the bottom line, other advantages includes national security, personal security and  human comforts. One of the important forms of energy is the Electrical energy, which is in use by the human beings exaggeratedly that is why the conservation of energy is termed as an integral element of the energy policy (Mike Adams, 2008). There are a number of problems connected with the energy conservation which exacerbates the situation, which we will examine in details when we move further. PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ENERGY CONSERVATION: Before going in to the details of the problems of the energy, I want to do a mind set of my readers regarding the uses of energy. Let me mention some examples associated with the transformation of different types of energy into the form of energy and heat. I have found a process of energy transmitting and processing which is mentioned below. †¢Ã‚  Oil is being burns to produce heat. †¢Ã‚  Heat boils the water †¢Ã‚  Water then turns into steam †¢Ã‚  Steams Pressure than turns a turbine †¢Ã‚  Turbine use to on the electric generator. †¢Ã‚  Generator than generates electricity. †¢Ã‚  Electricity than empowers the light bulbs, which gives us (the end users) lights and heat. The main problem lies with the energy is the exhalation of different types of injurious and devastative gases which spoil the health of a person in an outrageous manner. Carbon dioxide is one of the main threats for the health of the human being. A number of people consensuses that the gas act as a transparent blanket due to the atmospheric work. Synthetically speaking, carbon dioxide is combustion of gas, coal and oil which uses in the heating system and in car engines (Mike Adams, 2008). Health professionals and Doctors said that, carbon dioxide is the most perilous gas for the human being which demolishes the respiratory system of a person after penetration that is why the Doctors exhorts a lot to keep distance with plants at night because the plants excrete the carbon dioxide which can be disperse in a person if he doesnt take the safety majors into consideration. Apart from the hazards of carbon dioxide sulfur dioxide is also a major foe of the humans health. Sulfur dioxide emit ted in the air when the coal is being burned. Sulfur dioxide produces with the burning of coal which penetrates in the clouds after react with water and oxygen to from precipitation which commonly knows as acid rain, which is not even injurious for the human being but also for the sea spices. Acid rain is very harmful for the humans skin and sometimes it plays a vital role to inflate the fear of skin cancer. There are a number of factors which influences on the conservation of energy, threats of severe disease are the some examples of it. HOW ENERGY CONSERVATION MITIGATE SUCH PROBLEM We are in an era where the technologies really matters and we cant bear the crisis of this energy. Energy conservation is a brave and bold step towards efficiently use the energy in diversified sectors. Electrical energy and oil is the main thing which we have to utilize for the economic development of a country. The unavailability of these two things will make the situation chaotic for a country. Lets see in details what value efficient energy conservation can add in the accounts for a country. ?  Increment in the energy efficiency, resultantly makes the energy relatively cheaper, which is equally beneficial for the users and for the Government as well. ?  Increased energy efficiency will definitely lead to enhance the economic and physical growth, which spikes the graph of energy use in the whole economy.   ?  Efficiently uses the fuel energy will help to increase the production among the industries of a country which leads to a higher quality of life. ?  The threats we discussed earlier, which will be born from the poisonly gases like carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide can be abate with the help of energy conservation. It will help to reduce the effects of headache, stress, blood pressure, fatigue and work pressure. ?  Telecommunication becomes a major part to viable a company economically as a number of business been done on the telephone, so we have to be vigilant regarding the efficient use of telecommunication energy from a business stand point. ?  It is observed that electric motors, like elevators, water pumping machines, refrigerators and other electric home appliances consume more than 60% of all electrical energy, which become a major cause of the loss of 10 to 20 percent of all electricity. In order to tackle with this menace, we have to be cautious granted the wastage of energy. What can we do in this regards, is not an uphill task at all, use the electrical appliances when we use it like bulbs, iron, juicer blender and all such kind of things. ?  The problem of energy crisis persists in the whole world, because of the unavailability of the natural resources to produce the electricity energy. ?  Usage of bicycle and walking rigorously instead of driving to overcome on the fuel crisis. ?  Use air to dry clothes rather than the clothes dryer machine. ?  Install a programmable thermostat in your room cooler and air conditioners, which automatically adjusts the temperature when you are in bed or away. ?  Switch off ligh ts when leaving a room. The view of energy conservation, is been defined to give a thorough overview of renewable energy, now lets take a brief look over the stance of renewable energy. AN OVERVIEW OF THE RENEWABLE ENERGY: The energy which has been generated from the natural resources, like the sunlight, rain, tides, wind, and geothermal heat which can be refill tranquilly is called renewable energy. It has been estimated that in the year 2006, about 18% of the global energy consumptions came from renewable from which 13% imminent from biomass like from burning of the wood. Hydroelectricity is known as the second largest resource of the renewable energy which conduced 3% of the energy consumption and 15% of electric generation across the globe in the year 2008 (Global Status Report 2007). Wind power is also a famous form of the renewable energy which has a remarkable growth rate of around 30% annually with a installed capacity of over 121,000 megawatts in the year 2008, which has been massively used in Europe and in the United States of America (USA) (Renewable Global Status Report: 2009 Pg- 9). As per estimation the annual manufacturing output of the photovoltaic industry breached the level of 6900 MW in the year 2008. The photovoltaic power stations are quite popular in Spain and Germany because of their credible performance. Solar thermal power station is also one of the famous stations which mainly operate in USA and Spain. The largest of the solar thermal power station produces 354 MW operated in the Mojave Dessert. The Geysers is the world largest Geothermal Power Station (GPS) which is located in California, with a record or rated capacity of 750 MW (Calpine Corporation The Geysers. Retrieved from http://www.geysers.com). Brazil is the country who has the largest setup program of the renewable energy; it also involves the production of ethanol fuel which has been produced with the help of the sugar cane and the essence of the ethanol provides 18% of the countrys automotive fuel. Apart from the Brazil, ethanol fuel is also amply available in USA, while most of the renewable energy projects and its production on the large scale are also suited to the small off-grid applicat ions which sometimes located in the rural and remote areas, wherein the component of the energy are so essential for the human development (World Energy Assessment (2001). Renewable energy technologies, pg. 221). Kenya is the country which has the worlds highest household solar ownership rate with roughly 30,000 small (20-100 watt) solar power systems sold per year (What Solar Power Needs Now Renewable Energy Access, 13 August 2007). The market of the renewable energy has been envisage a continuous growth but the climate change like the high oil prices and mounting government support are driving spurring renewable energy legislation incentives and commercialization. HYDROPOWER ENERGY: Hydropower is inevitably is the largest source of the renewable energy, which provides 10% of the nations overall electricity. As per estimation, there were over 77,000 Megawatts of hydropower, which are adequate enough to provide energy to 35 million homes. Hydropower energy has been produce with the help of the water. The water has been utilized in this way that its flow will be converting in the hydropower energy. Most of the water which has been utilized for this purpose taken from the rivers or released through turbines to produce enough energy for the global usage. The power source has a great element attached with it, which is the releasing of the population so the ingredients which have been implant in the water will not harm the living beings and also the ocean species. However, scientist endeavors really hard through the latest technology to reduce the loss of marine life from the adverse effects of the energy, but the core problem with the technology is that, it is highly expensive and take a long time to build. Renewable energy technology is improving considerably. The prices of energy have dropped because new vehicles with sophisticated fuel systems and substitute fuels like the Ethanol are being launched and are a way to better technological encroachments. BIOMASS/BIO-ENERGY: As per the estimation and the result of the statistics the biomass construct about 7,000 megawatts of renewable electricity. Biomass fuels come from the forestry like the wood products, agriculture, constructions and transportation. Like the hydropower energy, which can be produce by replace the water into energy, it has also produced by reinstate the coal into the power plant which produces the energy. It has considered producing the energy because it fabricates less sulfur dioxide than coal. The operations of the Mill give the impression to be the chief basis of biomass energy in the U.S.  On the contrary, Europe illustrates its foremost source of bio-energy from urban wood squander.  However, the third world countries make lumber their most important source of the bio-energy. As per the statistics, 11% of the world obtains s its energy from biomass stations.  Developing countries use about 35% of the biomass energy; by contrast the poorest ones use roughly 90%. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY: Geothermal energy has the propensity to produce about 2,800 Megawatts of energy each year, or more precisely it can be say that 0.2% of the energy of US as a whole. Geothermal energy is shaped from logically taking place condensation and scorching dampens as of beneath the Earths exterior.  The vapor turns around a turbine, which in revolve powers of an electric generator.  Apart from that, the hot water can also be used to unswervingly heat edifices.  The disadvantage to geothermal energy is that land sites are very hard to find and tremendously rare.  An optimistic fact is that geothermal energy is very cost effective and dependable. WIND ENERGY: Wind energy manufactures a propos 2,500 Megawatts of energy, and engenders a measly .1% of our electricity.  The blustery weather turns blades in the region of a hub, which is allied to the main streak.  The core streak spins the generator.  The extent of turbines is gritty by how much energy is needed.  Miniature wind turbines are frequently used for homes, farms and ranches.  Other ways to use wind energy include grinding grain and pumping water. Wind is classed in categories of 1 through 7, with 7 being the highest and 1 being the lowest.  A good blustery weather source that has a class of 3 or higher is the east shoreline and along the Appalachian Mountains.  North Dakota is an excellent wind source. The drawbacks of wind energy are that again, the technology is very luxurious and unaffordable, the equipment is acknowledged to be earsplitting natural world have been killed by successively into the turbines, and the wind might not be present at convinced period all o ver the year. PHOTOVOLTAICS (PV) CELLS: PHOTOVOLTAICS PV cells generate electrical energy from the sunlight.  Resources used in computer chips are comparable to resources used in PV cells.  These resources soak up the sunlight, which frees the electrons from their atoms and mandates them to produce the electricity. PV cells are enormous because they dont entail high continuation, are very reliable and dependable, and dont produce pollutants. Even though it is better to use renewable energy, we immobile have to use some type of relic fuels.  We can, nevertheless, make the paramount choices, by using normal gas for water heating and power domestic device, which not only is better for the environment, but costs effective as well. The negative aspect to this power resource is that it costs more than other energy sources and tends to work in actual fact only when the sun is immaculate. THE NIGERIAN ENERGY SITUATION From the residence expansion based evaluation description on the Niger Delta Environment, it was acknowledged that water and oil which are the two rich normal resources in the region are the springs and grounds of miserable deficiency. The equivalent can be said about vigor possessions such as gas, coal etc. in Nigeria, which is in huge large quantity, yet there is energy dearth in the country. Climate Change Climate change is like the Sword of Damocles hanging over humanity. It is simply the process by which human emissions of Greenhouse Gases are believed to be causing changes in the Earths climate system. The emission of Green House Gases (mostly from anthropogenic activities) into the atmosphere, turn out to deplete the ozone layer that absorbs/shields the atmosphere of intensive sun radiation and in turn makes the planet earth unduly warm with resultant variations in climate conditions. This phenomenon is known as climate change. It brings about global warming that is responsible for increases in extreme weather conditions, rise in sea level, storms, floods, decrease in rainfalls, droughts, impairment of the ecosystems and its biodiversities which human life depends on, rapidly melting glaciers, destabilization of major ice sheets, desertification, decrease in agricultural produce etc. Government effort Government effort in the area of developing energy sector to the improvement of the poor status quo is on-going as seen in the current legislative process on national energy bill for an act that will lead to the establishment of a national agency that will take charge of regulating, enforcing policies and developing the energy sector in Nigeria. Just as we now have the National Nuclear Regulatory Authority (NNRA), so we hope to have the national energy regulatory agency when the bill is enacted into law. Yet, if we must achieve energy efficiency, gas flaring must not exist and in the face of governments discouraging effort in that direction, much is expected to be done, particularly by the civil society. Although the issuance of deadline for flares-out, January 2008 is reasonable, whereas its commitment to realizing it is absolutely discouraging due to lack of compliance on cash calls to the tune of $4billion (N508 billion) yearly for joint venture projects (JVP). This is due to the fact that the Federal Government through NNPC owns the largest stake in the JVP. The oil/gas sector have since been working on various gas utilization projects, by way of using gas for power generation to, at least, improve epileptic nature of power supply in the country, while some are working on exporting the gas. On Gas-to-Power Project The International Finance Institutions (IFIs) and the World Bank are currently assisting the Agips Kwale Partners Flaring-Reduction to use the natural gas to generate electricity. The project is further supported by Global Gas Flaring Reduction (GGFR) a Public Private Partnership (PPP) project and is to be registered as a Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project under the Kyoto Protocol. The Kwale Partners Flaring Reduction Project which is 40% stake to Nigerian AGIP and 60% to NNPC, will be the first to put associated natural gas into generating electricity in Nigeria and will eliminate 1.5 million tons of CO2 thus becoming the 10th largest in the 2,160 projects in CDP pipeline of Kyoto Protocol. There are also plans to build a $10billion (N1.27 trillion) gas pipeline network across the Sahara Desert through Niger, Algeria, across the Mediterranean for export of gas from Nigeria to Europe by Shell. In addition to that, the West Africa Gas Pipeline (WAGP) project spearheaded by Ch evron is to also export gas from Nigeria to Benin, Togo and Ghana, with capacity of 75 billion cubit feet a year and would cost $590 million (N74.6 billion). SPDC, NNPC are equally partners in the project. And for Ghana Pipeline stretch, the World Bank has already provided guarantee for $50 million (N6.3 billion) while $75million (N9.5billion) political risk guarantee has also been provided for West African Gas Pipeline Company (WAGPCO) that will operate the project. Chevron has 36.7 % stake in WAGPCO, Shell, Tokoradi Power Company Limited of Ghana, Togolaise de Gaz and Societe Beninoise de Gaz are other shareholders in the company. Impacts and Statistics Meanwhile, United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOOA) in its studies revealed that Nigeria flares 75% of its Natural gas for lack of processing facilities and that amounted to 20% of flared gas Worldwide. Secondly, according to Earth Trend Country Profile 2003, its report on Nigeria shows that Nigeria flares 2.5billion cubic feet per day of associated gas and that represents 40% of all natural gas consumed in the continent of Africa and further represents the single largest sources of GHG emissions on planet earth. On that note the Nigerian Government is doubling its effort in seeking support on how to tackle the issue of flares-out. Presently, the Government is seeking assistance from Norway, while World Bank is presently mediating between it and the Multinational oil/gas companies for a compromise on the ultimatum to end gas flaring January 2008. SUSTAINABLE HOUSING IN NIGERIA: One may perchance be excited to put why accent is being positioned on the housing. Firstly of all mans basic needs, housing questionably, constitutes and incontrovertibly poses the supreme challenge. Secondly, dynamic and lighthearted accommodation sectors are a proposition of a physically powerful curriculum of countrywide investment and are to be sure the groundwork of and the first step to future monetary growth and social development. The unpleasant housing delivery is consequently a most important factor in the nations gross domestic product (GDP) and indeed this reflects the mirror and the gauge of the state of health of the Nation. Financially viable activities are well recognized to include all aspects of human enterprise that are heading for towards the conception of wealth. It is also known that one of the foundations of person needs is to try to find to augment our self worth by civilizing our living standards. Economic growth is therefore a natural hunt in any individual set-up as such enhancements is predictable to lead to amplified wealth and affluence both for individuals and the complete nation. In regulate to restrain the heightened deficiency of sanctuary in the country, the NHP for the period spanning 1994 to 1998 was probable to build 121,000 housing units. In addition, the amount of Licensed Primary Mortgage Finance Institutions (LPMFI) rose from 251 in 1993 to 276 in 1994. However, by the end of 1998, it has declined to 115. Similarly, the Federal Government resources disbursement on somewhere to live increase by over 500 per cent to N4818.3 million in 1995 from N776.7 million in 1988, but deteriorates slightly by about to per cent to N722.0 million in 1998 (CBN 1994 and 1998). The Federal and the State Government were probable to spend N2.7 billion on housing provision during the 1996-8 NRP. Over N3.0 billion was expected to be spending by the two levels of governments during the 1999-2001 NRP (NPC, 1998 and 2000). Regardless of all these interferences and inventions and huge investments in housing requirements since the colonial times and to date, Nigerias housing pr oblems still remain intractable. In fact, access to decent shelter has wretched for increasing segments of the urban population in Nigeria. For instance, it was reported that out of 121,000 housing units be down for to be built between 1994 and 1995, only 1,014 houses were completed (CBN, 1994 and 1998; and Vision 2010 Main Report). Also, it was estimated that about 85 per cent of urban population live in single rooms, and the number of tenants per room range from 8 to 12 with adverse effects on sanitation and health. The deteriorating housing situation in Nigeria, especially at the urban centers is too critical to leave for government to level out alone. Nigeria is the 6th biggest creator of unfinished oil in the privileged confederation known as OPEC, whose members account for over two -third of the worlds total supply of this product. Also the countrys anticipated reserves of natural gas runs into billions of metric tones and the first train of the liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) has recently being shipped out with the  construction all fully committed to purchases from abroad. In terms of revenue earning capability and latent, it is worth mentioning that Nigeria to date has realized over S200 billion from crude oil sales. For a country that could blow your own horn of such huge amount of possessions, it is very saddening and disturbing to note that very little of the pay packet have been put into use to boost the fortune of the Housing Industry and infrastructure. The industry should have seen a lot more commotion and government support, in large scale development schemes, and improvement and providing of infrastructure; provision of large scale community housing, creating and getting higher new towns. A superficial look at the present state of the housing condition tells an obtrusive tale of a huge paradox An absurdity of achieving so little with so many donations! A measure of inadequacy of the government that should to provide the lead. And so today the somewhere to live stipulation is in a state of down for the count, neither dying nor living!!! STATUS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN NIGERIA: Wind Energy Potentials Internationally, Nigeria is positioned within short to moderate wind liveliness zone. Ojosu and Salawu (1989) carried out the most inclusive on a national scale study on current of air get-up-and-go accessibility and latent in Nigeria. The revise uses facts on Wind speeds and guidelines for 22 meteorological Stations from the Nigerian Meteorological office, Oshodi near Lagos. The meteorological data are based on the 3-hourly records of wind for periods ranging from 12 to 33 years (1951 1983) The insolvents at 10m heights are drawn and four different wind zones/regimes are identified .The wind energy probable for wind energy consumption in Nigeria is broadly considered (Ojosu and Salawu, 1990). Solar Energy Resources in Nigeria According to Bala et al (2000), Nigeria is gifted with a twelve-monthly normal daily brightness of 6.25 hours, ranging between about 3.5 hours at the coastal areas and 9.0 hours at the far northern boundary (Figure 8). Correspondingly, it has an annual average daily solar emission of about 5.25 KW/m2/day, varying between about 3.5 kWm2/day at the coastal Area and 7.0kW/m2/day at the northern boundary (8). Nigeria accepts on the subject of 4.851x 1012 KWh of energy per day from the sun. This is the same to about 1.082 million tones of oil Equivalent (mtoe) per day, and is about 4 thousand times the current daily crude oil diminution, and about 13 thousand times that of natural gas daily construction based on energy unit. This huge energy resource from the sun is available for about 26% only of the day. The country is also characterized with some cold and dusty impression during the harmattan, in its northern part, for a period of about four months (No vember-February) annually (13). The dust has an attenuating effect on the solar radiation intensity (Bala, et al, 2001). Biogas Energy Resources Akinbami et al (2001)s consideration indicated that in Nigeria, notorious feedstock substrate for an economically reasonable biogas program embraces water lettuee, water hyacinth, dung, cassava leave, urban refuse, solid (including industrial) waste, agricultural residues and sewage. Various farming and domestic animals resources and their coupled residues have the prospective substrates for biogas production in the country. Akinbami et al (2001)s views include the following; Nigeria produces about 227,500 tons of fresh animal wastes daily. Since 1 kilogram (kg) of fresh animal wastes produces about 0.03 m3 gas, then Nigeria can produce about 6.8 million m3 of biogas every day. In addition to all these, 20kg of municipal solid wastes (MSW) per capital has been estimated to be generated within the country annually. By the 1991 census figure of 88.5 million inhabitants, the full amount generated MSW will be at least 1.77 million tones every year. With escalating urbanization and industrialization, the annual MSW generated will maintain to increase. Biogas construction may therefore be a money-spinning means of falling or even eliminate the peril and annoyances of urban waste in many cities by recycle them. REFERENCES:   Abumere S. (1987) Urbanisation and Urban Design in Nigeria in Onibokun A.C,   Olokesusi et al Urban Reveiwal In Nigeria   Agbola Tunde (1998) The Housing of Nigerian: A review of policy development and   Implementation. Research Report No.14.   CBN (1990-1998) Annual Report and Statement of Accounts, Central Bank of Nigeria;   Abuja.   CBN (1993-1997) Statistical Bulletin (Various issues) CBN; Abuja   Falegan S.B. (1985) Housing Finance and Funding: The Nigeria Experience In(ed)   Onibokun, Poju; Housing in Nigeria (A book of reading) NISER.   Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) (1994) Social Statistics in Nigeria FOS; Abuja   Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) (1997) Social Statistics in Nigeria, FOS, Abuja   Federal Office of Statistics(FOS) (1999) Poverty profile for Nigeria (1980-1996) FOS;   Abuja   Federal Ministry of Works And Housing (2001) Publication in Policy News Journal June   4, 2001.   Policy strategies should be targeted towards sustainable, eco-friendly alternative energy sources.   The government should set up the Ministry of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency.   Develop adequate policies with input from the civil society to address renewable energy and energy efficiency   Nigerian government should encourage the use of solar energy to provide electricity for her populace   State government be encourage to generate alternative energy sources Civil society and NGOs must be involved in the planning and implementation of renewable energy and energy efficiency policy   Capacity build should be intensified to empower communities to advocate for renewable energy and energy efficiency   Nigerian government and local NGOs should develop partnership with international agencies to develop renewable energy and energy efficiency   The importation of renewable energy products should be duty free to encourage the development in Nigeria   The government should promote the mapping of renewable energy and energy efficiency centers   Mainstream gender in the energy sector through policy formulation and implementation   The government should increase budgetary allocation to energy sector for research and development of alternative energy in Nigeria   Enhance strategic integration of relevant stakeholders groups into all policies on renewable energy